增氧方式对水芹菜-微生物联合作用处理冬季养殖废水的影响

为探究不同增氧方式对水芹菜-微生物联合作用处理养殖废水消化液及微生物群落结构变化的影响，设置循环和曝气两组试验，以静置处理作为对照，共运行35 d，间隔7 d取样，测定常规水质指标，在试验开始和结束时分别测定水芹菜生长情况，并采用高通量测序技术对微生物群落结构进行分析。结果显示，经过35 d的处理，静置组、曝气组和循环组的DO（溶解氧）分别达到0.60、10.38 mg·L^-1和10.85 mg·L^-1；静置培养的水芹菜长势最好，相对生长速率为0.03 g·g^-1·d^-1；三种处理方式对水质的净化效果差异显著，循环组的水质净化效果最好，COD（化学需氧量）、NH₃-N（氨氮）和TN（总氮）的去除率分别达89.89%、69.40%和77.65%；黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）的相对丰度从43.21%下降到0.16%，克里斯滕森菌属（Christensenellaceae）和瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcaceae）的相对丰度则大幅增加。水芹菜在冬季于养殖废水消化液中可以正常生长，曝气和循环处理可以明显提高净化效率；黄杆菌属和假单胞菌属（Pseudononas）是脱氮的功能菌属，梭菌纲（Clostridia）的大量繁殖有利于COD的去除。     

界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染调查与评价

为了解界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染现状和特征，制定相应的农业面源防控措施，对流域内农业面源污染情况进行了调查分析和评价。通过对该典型小流域内陶庙镇、王集镇、代桥镇、泉阳镇4个乡镇的11个行政村的农田污染源、养殖污染源及人居生活污染源进行实地走访，调查数据应用等标污染负荷法进行评价分析。结果表明，界首市泉河小流域内4个乡镇的农业面源污染排放源中，农田污染源的污染物总量和污染负荷率分别是17.44 t和4.68％；养殖污染物排放总量和污染源负荷分别是99.31 t和26.63％；生活源污染物的排放量和污染负荷率最大，分别达到256.19 t和68.69％；在COD、TN、TP 3个主要评价因子中，污染负荷率最高的是COD，达80.22％，TN污染负荷率为9.22％，TP的污染负荷率为10.56％；养殖业污染和人居生活污染源是界首市泉河小流域农业面源污染的主要来源，也是该小流域农业面源污染防控的重点。在治理该小流域农业面源污染时，应大力发展绿色、生态、循环农业，严格控制畜禽养殖污染，加大农村人居环境整治，强化政府在农业面源污染治理中的统筹引导作用等。     

Regulatory role of l-proline in fetal pig growth and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation

l-proline (Pro) is a precursor of ornithine, which is converted into polyamines via ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Polyamines plays a key role in the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. The study investigated the effect of Pro on polyamine metabolism and cell proliferation on porcine enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Twenty-four Huanjiang mini-pigs were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 groups and fed a basal diet that contained 0.77% alanine (Ala, iso-nitrogenous control), 1% Pro or 1% Pro + 0.0167% α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) from d 15 to 70 of gestation. The fetal body weight and number of fetuses per litter were determined, and the small and large intestines were obtained on d 70 ± 1.78 of gestation. The in vitro study was performed in intestinal porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells cultured in Dulbecco''s modified Eagle medium-high glucose (DMEM-H) containing 0 μmol/L Pro, 400 μmol/L Pro, or 400 μmol/L Pro + 10 mmol/L DFMO for 4 d. The results showed that maternal dietary supplementation with 1% Pro increased fetal weight; the protein and DNA concentrations of the fetal small intestine; and mRNA levels for potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 1 (Kv1.1) in the fetal small and large intestines (P < 0.05). Supplementing Pro to either gilts or IPEC-J2 cells increased ODC protein abundances and polyamine concentrations in the fetal intestines and IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). In comparison with the Pro group, the combined administration of Pro and DFMO reduced the expression of ODC protein and spermine concentration in the fetal intestine, as well as the concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of cells in the S-phase and the mRNA levels of proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc were increased in response to Pro supplementation, whereas depletion of cellular polyamines with DFMO increased tumor protein p53 (p53) mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Taken together, dietary supplementation with Pro improved fetal pig growth and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation via enhancing polyamine synthesis.     

包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量及土壤钾素的影响

棉花是具无限生长特性的喜钾作物，为解决其生育期内多次追施钾肥和叶面喷施缩节胺的用工问题，实现轻简化种植目标，研究包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量、经济效益和土壤钾素变化特征的影响。试验设5个处理，分别为一次基施180 kg?hm-2包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（CRKMC）、减少30%钾素用量（126 kg?hm-2）的包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（70%CRKMC）、基施180 kg·hm^-2普通包膜氯化钾（CRK）、分次施用180 kg?hm-2普通氯化钾（KCl）和对照（CK，不施钾肥），后三个处理叶面喷施三次缩节胺。结果表明：等量施钾条件下，CRKMC和CRK较KCl籽棉产量分别增加8.81%和9.36%，经济效益分别增加15.53%和12.86%，70%CRKMC较KCl增产6.53%，增加净收入13.64%。CRKMC抑制棉花盛花期前的株高，提高后期株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量，使生物量较KCl增加18.56%~24.98%，提高钾素吸收量，表观利用率增加25.06~38.83个百分点。CRKMC中的钾素和缩节胺在土壤中呈“先慢后快而后趋于平缓”的规律，释放高峰出现在盛花期至始絮期，显著提高蕾期以后土壤中的速效钾含量。因此，土壤基施包膜含缩节胺氯化钾，可合理协调棉花生长势指标，满足钾素吸收需求，减少30%用量仍有较高的经济效益和钾素利用率，实现了缩节胺和钾素在同一时空条件下的一体化调控，有助于棉花减肥、高产和轻简化种植。     

小径木梯形板锯刨机结构设计与研究

针对目前市面上加工小径木的机器加工精度低、效率不高、出材率低等问题，分析提高小径木梯形板出材率、加工效率及加工精度的设计方法，通过新的设计方法制定了新的加工工艺。结合工艺分析设计了小径木梯形板锯刨机的总体结构，可以对小径木梯形板进行锯切、粗刨、精刨加工。在对其核心组件锯切组件与刨削组件的加工原理进行分析的基础上，设计了锯切组件结构与刨削组件结构。通过导入锯切主轴SolidWorks的三维模型，利用ANSYS对其锯切主轴进行静力学分析，得到锯切主轴的应力、应变和变形云图，其中最大应力值为7.435 MPa、最大应变值为0.042 316 mm/m、最大变形量为0.002 178 8 mm，其强度、刚度及变形量均在许用范围内，仿真验证了锯切主轴的设计的合理性。     

Towards the sustainable intensification of agriculture—a systems approach to policy formulation

The sustainable intensification of agriculture involves providing sufficient food and other ecosystem services without going beyond the limits of the earth’s system. Here a project management approach is suggested to help guide agricultural policy to deliver these objectives. The first step is to agree measurable outcomes, integrating formal policy goals with the often much less formal and much more diverse goals of individual farmers. The second step is to assess current performance. Ideally, this will involve the use of farm-scale metrics that can feed into process models that address social and environmental domains as well as production issues that can be benchmarked and upscaled to landscape and country. Some policy goals can be delivered by supporting ad hoc interventions, while others require the redesign of the farming system. A pipeline of research, knowledge and capacity building is needed to ensure the continuous increase in farm performance. System models can help prioritise policy interventions. Formal optimization of land use is only appropriate if the policy goals are clear, and the constraints understood. In practice, the best approach may depend on the scale of action that is required, and on the amount of resource and infrastructure available to generate, implement and manage policy.     

Agriculture Green Development: a model for China and the world

Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate “green” with “development” to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.     

玉米宽窄行种植技术推广模式研究

玉米宽窄行种植技术在实际应用过程中，不仅可以实现对原有技术的创新和优化，还可以 保证玉米种植的质量、产量和销量。本文针对玉米宽窄行种植技术的推广模式进行分析和研究，为当 地农业可持续发展打下良好基础。     

秸秆覆盖及播种方式对马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律,以地膜覆盖和露地种植(CK)为对照,设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式(①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种,②种植带和覆盖带各40cm、双行播种,③种植带和覆盖带各50cm、单行播种,④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种),研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比,马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%,分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%;其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%,双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%,二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下,播种—现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%,平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%;与CK相比,现蕾—块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异,相比于地膜覆盖,则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%;块茎膨大—成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时,相比于CK,单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%,单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见,秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水,一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求,延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用,提高有机物的积累量,从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中,单行种植以种植带∶覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好,双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。     

基于土地保障功能的贵州省土地整治社会效益分析

从社会保障功能角度构建土地整治项目社会效益测算模型,采用典型土地整治案例相关资料和研究区经济社会统计数据进行实证,并对不同区域、不同土地整治类型的单位建设规模社会效益与投资社会效益系数差异2个社会效益指标变化趋势进行研究,结果表明:1)4种类型土地整治项目产生的效益差异较为显著,单位建设规模社会效益表现为农村建设用地整理宜耕后备土地资源开发农用地整理土地复垦;投资社会效益系数表现为宜耕后备土地资源开发农用地整理农村建设用地整理土地复垦。2)单位建设规模社会效益与投资社会效益系数差异较为显著,但总体变化趋势趋同。3)4种土地整治类型社会效益表现出区域差异,总体上呈西部和北部好于东部和南部。基于商业保险的标准表征土地保障能力的测算模型能较好实现各类土地整治项目的社会效益测算,克服传统以打分或定性分析为主的土地整治社会效益评价的不足,并可直观地反映土地整治社会效益实现程度。